School of Mathematics and System Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing, China. Causal inference has become an important research field in statistics, data mining, epidemiology and machine learning etc ...

Confounding of three binary-variable counterfactual model with directed acyclic graph (DAG) is discussed in this paper. According to the effect between the control variable and the covariate variable, ...

What is a confounding factor? To understand the phenomenon of “confounding,” one needs to consider the potential relation between an exposure (e.g., novel surgical technique) and an outcome (e.g., ...

Family Health International, PO Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA Readers of medical literature need to consider two types of validity, internal and external. Internal validity means ...

Your browser does not support the audio element. Let’s say a group of researchers, or data scientists discover that the mortality rate in Florida is 20 deaths out ...

Frequent maternal use of acetaminophen in pregnancy has been linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, but concerns regarding ...

Neurointervention is a highly specialized area of medicine and, as such, neurointerventional research studies are often more challenging to conduct, require large, multicenter efforts and longer study ...