We construct a nonstandard Lagrangian, called the multiplicative form, for a homogeneous scalar field and a fermion field via the inverse calculus of variations with the equations of motion that still ...

Calculus, the mathematical study of continuous change, stands as a cornerstone of advanced mathematics and its applications. As you delve into this powerful branch of mathematics, you’ll discover a ...

In this page, we introduce a differential based method for vector and matrix derivatives (matrix calculus), which only needs a few simple rules to derive most matrix derivatives. This method is useful ...