Inside high-energy proton collisions, quarks and gluons briefly form a dense, boiling state before cooling into ordinary ...

Deep within the atoms that make up our bodies and even within the protons and neutrons that make up atomic nuclei, are tiny particles called quarks. When you purchase through links on our site, we may ...

Quarks are found in protons and are bound together by forces which cause all other known forces of nature to fade. To understand the effects of these strong forces between the quarks is one of the ...

Nowadays physicists are confident in their knowledge of nature’s ultimate bits of matter. A handful of building blocks can be easily summarized in a neat little chart. But merely half a century ago, ...

We know that all matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are made of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus and electrons outside. But unlike electrons, protons and neutrons are composite particles ...

Quarks make up all matter, but have never been seen by themselves. And they have “flavors” and “colors” — though neither term has any relevance to what they actually do. Let’s take a look at why we ...

Abstract: Over the past two decades, the popularity of messaging systems has increased both in enterprise and consumer level. Many of these systems used secure protocols like end-to-end encryption to ...

Physicists have known for decades that particles called gluons keep protons and neutrons intact—and thereby hold the universe together. Yet the details of how gluons function remain surprisingly ...

Stephen has degrees in science (Physics major) and arts (English Literature and the History and Philosophy of Science), as well as a Graduate Diploma in Science Communication. Stephen has degrees in ...

Twenty-five years ago, Quirks & Quarks celebrated its anniversary by travelling forward in time — to 2025 — to find out how ...