Introduction to ciphers and substitution. Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: terminology and Caesar Cipher ; The key to the matter: generalizing the Caesar Cipher ; Multiplicative ciphers ; Affine ...

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1. Introduction -- 2. From Julius Caesar to simple substitution -- 3. Polyalphabetic systems -- 4. Jigsaw ciphers -- 5. Two-letter ciphers -- 6. Codes -- 7. Ciphers for spies -- 8. Producing random ...

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For decades, one script embedded in the Dead Sea Scrolls resisted all efforts to unlock its meaning. Known as Cryptic B, the ...

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